diff --git a/day8/d1.cpp b/day8/d1.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2250ff5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/day8/d1.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// 抛出异常
+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+int div(int a, int b)
+{
+    if (b == 0)
+    {
+        throw "除数不能为0";
+    }
+    return a / b;
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    cout << "-----aaaaa-----" << endl;
+    int ret = div(20, 0);
+    cout << ret << endl;
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/day8/d10.cpp b/day8/d10.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..848f089
--- /dev/null
+++ b/day8/d10.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// 异常的多态
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cstdlib>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+class Exception
+{
+private:
+    string msg;
+
+public:
+    Exception()
+    {
+        this->msg = "";
+        cout << this << " :   Exception()" << endl;
+    }
+    Exception(const string &msg)
+    {
+        this->msg = msg;
+        cout << this << " :   Exception(const string &)" << endl;
+    }
+    Exception(const Exception &other)
+    {
+        this->msg = other.msg;
+        cout << this << " :   Exception(const Exception &)" << endl;
+    }
+    ~Exception() { cout << this << " :   ~Exception()" << endl; }
+
+public:
+    string &getMsg() // const 表示该成员函数不会修改成员变量
+    {
+        return this->msg;
+    }
+};
+
+class ZeroDivisionException : public Exception
+{
+public:
+    ZeroDivisionException() {}
+    ZeroDivisionException(const string &msg) : Exception(msg) {}
+};
+
+class OutOfRangeException : public Exception
+{
+public:
+    OutOfRangeException() {}
+    OutOfRangeException(const string &msg) : Exception(msg) {}
+};
+
+int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
+{
+    int n = atoi(argv[1]);
+    try
+    {
+        if (n == 0)
+            // 抛出子类的异常对象
+            throw ZeroDivisionException("除数为不能 0");
+        else if (n >= 20)
+            throw OutOfRangeException("范围越界 20");
+        else if (n == 10)
+            throw Exception("n 不能为 10");
+        else
+            cout << "n = " << n << endl;
+    }
+    catch (ZeroDivisionException &error) // 接子类引用
+    {
+        cout << "精准捕获到子类异常: " << error.getMsg() << endl;
+    }
+    catch (Exception &e) // 接父类引用（要写到子类异常的后面）
+    {
+        cout << "捕获异常: " << e.getMsg() << endl;
+    }
+    catch (...) // 捕获所有异常
+    {
+        cout << "捕获所有异常" << endl;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/day8/d11.cpp b/day8/d11.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a702c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/day8/d11.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// exception 的使用
+// invalid_argument: 用于处理无效参数异常
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <exception>
+#include <cstdio>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+int maxVal(int a, int b)
+{
+    if (a == b)
+    {
+        char msg[100];
+        sprintf(msg, "两个参数不能相等，a = %d, b = %d", a, b);
+        throw invalid_argument(msg);
+    }
+    return a > b ? a : b;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
+{
+    int a = atoi(argv[1]);
+    int b = atoi(argv[2]);
+
+    try
+    {
+        int ret = maxVal(a, b);
+        cout << "maxValue is " << ret << endl;
+    }
+    catch (exception &error)
+    {
+        cout << "error: " << error.what() << endl; // what() 返回异常信息，异常信息是一个字符串
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/day8/d12.cpp b/day8/d12.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e83f25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/day8/d12.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// 异常与模版
+// 异常处理循环问题的示例
+#include <iostream>
+#include <exception>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+template <typename T>
+class Stack
+{
+private:
+    T *mData;      // 数据
+    int mCapacity; // 容量
+    int mIndex;    // 索引
+
+public:
+    // -1 表示栈为空
+    Stack(int capacity) : mCapacity(capacity), mIndex(-1)
+    {
+        this->mData = new T[this->mCapacity];
+    }
+    ~Stack()
+    {
+        delete[] this->mData; // 释放内存
+        mData = nullptr;      // 防止野指针
+    }
+
+public:
+    T pop() throw(out_of_range)
+    {
+        if (mIndex < 0)
+            throw out_of_range("当前栈未空，请先压栈");
+        return this->mData[this->mIndex--];
+    }
+    Stack<T> &push(const T &item) throw(out_of_range)
+    {
+        if (mIndex >= mCapacity - 1) // >= 表示栈满 , mCapacity - 1 表示栈顶
+            throw out_of_range("当前栈已满，请先出栈");
+        this->mData[++this->mIndex] = item;
+        return *this; // 返回当前对象，支持链式编程
+    }
+    T &at(int index) throw(out_of_range)
+    {
+        // mIndex == -1 表示栈为空，index < 0 表示索引小于 0，index > mIndex 表示索引大于栈顶
+        if (mIndex == -1 || index < 0 || index > mIndex)
+            throw out_of_range("当前栈为空或位置无效");
+        return this->mData[index];
+    }
+    int size() const
+    {
+        return this->mIndex + 1;
+    }
+};
+
+int main()
+{
+    Stack<int> s1(5);
+    s1.push(10).push(20).push(30);
+    for (int i = 0; i < s1.size(); i++)
+        cout << s1.at(i) << endl;
+
+    cout << "*** 弹出数据 ***" << endl;
+    // 清空数据
+    while (1)
+
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            cout << s1.pop() << endl;
+        }
+        catch (exception &e)
+        {
+            cout << "error: " << e.what() << endl;
+            break; // 异常处理: 跳出循环
+        }
+    }
+
+    cout << "*** 弹栈完成，重新打印 ***" << endl;
+    for (int i = 0; i < s1.size(); i++)
+        cout << s1.at(i) << endl;
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/day8/d13.cpp b/day8/d13.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29eab00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/day8/d13.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// 自定义标准异常类
+#include <iostream>
+#include <exception>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+class OutOfRangeError : public exception
+{
+public:
+    virtual const char *what() const throw()
+    {
+        return "访问索引越界";
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class Stack
+{
+private:
+    T *mData;      // 数据
+    int mCapacity; // 容量
+    int mIndex;    // 索引
+
+public:
+    // -1 表示栈为空
+    Stack(int capacity) : mCapacity(capacity), mIndex(-1)
+    {
+        this->mData = new T[this->mCapacity];
+    }
+    ~Stack()
+    {
+        delete[] this->mData; // 释放内存
+        mData = nullptr;      // 防止野指针
+    }
+
+public:
+    T pop() throw(OutOfRangeError)
+    {
+        if (mIndex < 0)
+            throw OutOfRangeError();
+        return this->mData[this->mIndex--];
+    }
+    Stack<T> &push(const T &item) throw(OutOfRangeError)
+    {
+        if (mIndex >= mCapacity - 1) // >= 表示栈满 , mCapacity - 1 表示栈顶
+            throw OutOfRangeError();
+        this->mData[++this->mIndex] = item;
+        return *this; // 返回当前对象，支持链式编程
+    }
+    T &at(int index) throw(OutOfRangeError)
+    {
+        // mIndex == -1 表示栈为空，index < 0 表示索引小于 0，index > mIndex 表示索引大于栈顶
+        if (mIndex == -1 || index < 0 || index > mIndex)
+            throw OutOfRangeError();
+        return this->mData[index];
+    }
+    int size() const
+    {
+        return this->mIndex + 1;
+    }
+};
+
+int main()
+{
+    Stack<int> s1(5);
+    s1.push(10).push(20).push(30);
+    for (int i = 0; i < s1.size(); i++)
+        cout << s1.at(i) << endl;
+
+    cout << "*** 弹出数据 ***" << endl;
+    // 清空数据
+    while (1)
+
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            cout << s1.pop() << endl;
+        }
+        catch (exception &e)
+        {
+            cout << "error: " << e.what() << endl;
+            break; // 异常处理: 跳出循环
+        }
+    }
+
+    cout << "*** 弹栈完成，重新打印 ***" << endl;
+    for (int i = 0; i < s1.size(); i++)
+        cout << s1.at(i) << endl;
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/day8/d2.cpp b/day8/d2.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..58e6a27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/day8/d2.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// 处理异常的语法
+// 捕获基本数据类型的异常
+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+int div(int a, int b)
+{
+    if (b == 0)
+    {
+        throw "除数不能为0"; // 抛出异常
+    }
+    return a / b;
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    cout << "-----aaaaa-----" << endl;
+    int ret = 0;
+    try // 捕获异常
+    {
+        ret = div(20, 0);
+    }
+    catch (const char *err) // 捕获异常
+    {
+        cout << "异常: " << err << endl; // 处理异常
+    }
+    cout << "ret = " << ret << endl;
+    return 0;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/day8/d3.cpp b/day8/d3.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec3bd12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/day8/d3.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// throw 的限制
+// 在使用 throw 抛出异常信息时，受到函数声明处的 throw() 声明的
+// 可抛出异常类型的限制。
+
+// 如: 函数内可以抛出任何异常
+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+class A
+{
+public:
+    int n;
+
+public:
+    A(int n = 0) : n(n) {}
+};
+
+// throw() 声明表示不抛出任何异常
+// throw(int, char, double, A) 表示可以抛出 int, char, double, A 类型的异常
+void show(int x) throw(int, char, double, A)
+{
+    switch (x)
+    {
+    case 1:
+        throw 0;
+        break;
+    case 2:
+        throw 'a';
+        break;
+    case 3:
+        throw "abc";
+        break;
+    case 4:
+        throw 1.25;
+        break;
+    case 5:
+        throw A(100); // 抛出自定义类的对象
+        break;
+        // default 可以不写，因为前面已经覆盖了所有情况
+    }
+    cout << "x = " << x << endl;
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    cout << "输入一个整数: ";
+    int x;
+    cin >> x;
+    try
+    {
+        show(x);
+    }
+    catch (const int &error)
+    {
+        cout << "捕获异常: " << error << endl;
+    }
+    catch (const char &error)
+    {
+        cout << "捕获异常: " << error << endl;
+    }
+    catch (const char *error)
+    {
+        cout << "捕获异常: " << error << endl;
+    }
+    catch (const double &error)
+    {
+        cout << "捕获异常: " << error << endl;
+    }
+    catch (const A &error)
+    {
+        cout << "捕获异常: " << error.n << endl;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/day8/d4.cpp b/day8/d4.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9217dca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/day8/d4.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// 限制函数抛出异常
+// throw() 声明表示不抛出任何异常
+#include <iostream>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+class A
+{
+public:
+    int n;
+
+public:
+    A(int n = 0) : n(n) {}
+};
+
+// throw() 声明表示不抛出任何异常
+void show(int x) throw()
+{
+    switch (x)
+    {
+    case 1:
+        throw 0;
+        break;
+    case 2:
+        throw 'a';
+        break;
+    case 3:
+        throw "abc";
+        break;
+    case 4:
+        throw 1.25;
+        break;
+    case 5:
+        throw A(100); // 抛出自定义类的对象
+        break;
+        // default 可以不写，因为前面已经覆盖了所有情况
+    }
+    cout << "x = " << x << endl;
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    cout << "输入一个整数: ";
+    int x;
+    cin >> x;
+    try
+    {
+        show(x);
+    }
+    catch (const int &error)
+    {
+        cout << "捕获异常: " << error << endl;
+    }
+    catch (const char &error)
+    {
+        cout << "捕获异常: " << error << endl;
+    }
+    catch (const char *error)
+    {
+        cout << "捕获异常: " << error << endl;
+    }
+    catch (const double &error)
+    {
+        cout << "捕获异常: " << error << endl;
+    }
+    catch (const A &error)
+    {
+        cout << "捕获异常: " << error.n << endl;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/day8/d5.cpp b/day8/d5.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..29c2635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/day8/d5.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// 栈解旋(unwinding)：当抛出异常时，会调用所有对象的析构函数
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cstdlib>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+class A
+{
+public:
+    A() { cout << "A()" << endl; }
+    ~A() { cout << "~A()" << endl; }
+};
+
+int main()
+{
+    try
+    {
+        A a1;
+        // 栈解旋(unwinding)：当抛出异常时，会调用所有对象的析构函数
+        throw 0; // 抛出异常时，则会调用 a1 的析构函数
+    }
+    catch (...) // ... 表示其他异常，可以不写，写的话必须放在最后
+    {
+        cout << "异常被处理" << endl;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/day8/d6.cpp b/day8/d6.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26b516d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/day8/d6.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// 异常接口声明
+
+// 如: 结构体作为异常对象
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cstring>
+using namespace std;
+
+struct ERROR_S
+{
+    string title; // 错误信息
+    int errnum;   // 错误码
+} error_1;        // ERROR_S error_1; // error_1 是一个全局变量
+
+void test1(int n) throw(ERROR_S, int)
+{
+    if (n == 0)
+    {
+        error_1.title = "n 参数不能为 0";
+        error_1.errnum = 1;
+        throw error_1;
+    }
+    else if (n == 1)
+    {
+        throw 2;
+    }
+    cout << "n = " << n << endl;
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    try
+    {
+        test1(1);
+    }
+    catch (const ERROR_S &error)
+    {
+        cout << "捕获异常: " << error.title << endl;
+        cout << "错误码: " << error.errnum << endl;
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    { // ... 表示其他异常
+        cout << "捕获其他异常" << endl;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/day8/d7.cpp b/day8/d7.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b95d0ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/day8/d7.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// 异常变量生命周期
+// 如 1: 抛出对象，接收对象，会使用拷贝构造函数
+// 异常变量生命周期
+// 如 1: 抛出对象，接收引用，不会使用拷贝构造函数，会直接使用构造函数
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cstdlib>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+class Exception
+{
+private:
+    string msg;
+
+public:
+    Exception()
+    {
+        this->msg = "";
+        cout << this << "Exception()" << endl;
+    }
+    Exception(const string &msg)
+    {
+        this->msg = msg;
+        cout << this << "Exception(const string &)" << endl;
+    }
+    Exception(const Exception &other)
+    {
+        this->msg = other.msg;
+        cout << this << "Exception(const Exception &)" << endl;
+    }
+    ~Exception() { cout << this << "~Exception()" << endl; }
+
+public:
+    string &getMsg() // const 表示该成员函数不会修改成员变量
+    {
+        return this->msg;
+    }
+};
+
+int main()
+{
+    try
+    {
+        throw Exception("异常");
+    }
+    catch (Exception e)
+    {
+        cout << "捕获异常: " << e.getMsg() << endl;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/day8/d8.cpp b/day8/d8.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c4227c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/day8/d8.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// 异常变量生命周期
+// 如 1: 抛出对象，接收引用，不会使用拷贝构造函数，会直接使用构造函数
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cstdlib>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+class Exception
+{
+private:
+    string msg;
+
+public:
+    Exception()
+    {
+        this->msg = "";
+        cout << this << "Exception()" << endl;
+    }
+    Exception(const string &msg)
+    {
+        this->msg = msg;
+        cout << this << "Exception(const string &)" << endl;
+    }
+    Exception(const Exception &other)
+    {
+        this->msg = other.msg;
+        cout << this << "Exception(const Exception &)" << endl;
+    }
+    ~Exception() { cout << this << "~Exception()" << endl; }
+
+public:
+    string &getMsg() // const 表示该成员函数不会修改成员变量
+    {
+        return this->msg;
+    }
+};
+
+int main()
+{
+    try
+    {
+        throw Exception("异常");
+    }
+    catch (Exception &e)
+    {
+        cout << "捕获异常: " << e.getMsg() << endl;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/day8/d9.cpp b/day8/d9.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a60de79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/day8/d9.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// 异常变量生命周期
+// 如 1: 抛出对象（堆区），捕获对象（堆区），会使用拷贝构造函数，需要手动释放内存
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cstdlib>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+class Exception
+{
+private:
+    string msg;
+
+public:
+    Exception()
+    {
+        this->msg = "";
+        cout << this << "Exception()" << endl;
+    }
+    Exception(const string &msg)
+    {
+        this->msg = msg;
+        cout << this << "Exception(const string &)" << endl;
+    }
+    Exception(const Exception &other)
+    {
+        this->msg = other.msg;
+        cout << this << "Exception(const Exception &)" << endl;
+    }
+    ~Exception() { cout << this << "~Exception()" << endl; }
+
+public:
+    string &getMsg() // const 表示该成员函数不会修改成员变量
+    {
+        return this->msg;
+    }
+};
+
+int main()
+{
+    try
+    {
+        // 要使用 new 创建对象，否则会在栈区创建对象，导致异常抛出时，会调用析构函数
+        throw new Exception("异常"); // 在堆区创建对象
+    }
+    catch (Exception *e)
+    {
+        cout << "捕获异常: " << e->getMsg() << endl;
+        delete e; // 手动释放内存
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/day8/stl_code/d1.cpp b/day8/stl_code/d1.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2bc61ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/day8/stl_code/d1.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// stl 标准模板库开发
+// 初次使用:
+// vector 存放基础类型的数据示例
+#include <iostream>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <vector>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+int main()
+{
+    vector<int> v1;
+    v1.push_back(1);
+    v1.push_back(2);
+    v1.push_back(3);
+    v1.push_back(4);
+    v1.push_back(5);
+    v1.push_back(6);
+
+    // 创建迭代器
+    vector<int>::iterator it;
+    for (it = v1.begin(); it != v1.end(); it++)
+    {
+        cout << *it << " ";
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/day8/stl_code/d2.cpp b/day8/stl_code/d2.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a516696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/day8/stl_code/d2.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// 存放类对象的数据 vector
+#include <bits/stdc++.h>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+class Student
+{
+    friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const Student &stu);
+
+private:
+    string name;
+    int age;
+
+public:
+    Student(const string &name, int age)
+    {
+        this->name = name;
+        this->age = age;
+    }
+};
+
+ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const Student &stu)
+{
+    out << "name: " << stu.name << ", age: " << stu.age;
+    return out;
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    vector<Student> v;
+    v.push_back(Student("zhangsan", 20));
+    v.push_back(Student("lisi", 21));
+    v.push_back(Student("wangwu", 22));
+    v.push_back(Student("zhaoliu", 23));
+
+    v.pop_back(); // 删除最后一个元素
+
+    // 创建迭代器
+    vector<Student>::iterator it = v.end();
+    while (it != v.begin())
+    {
+        cout << *(--it) << endl; // 重载了<<运算符
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/day8/stl_code/d3.cpp b/day8/stl_code/d3.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81b1ade
--- /dev/null
+++ b/day8/stl_code/d3.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// 基于 d3.cpp 的改进
+// vector 存放对象的指针
+#include <bits/stdc++.h>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+class Student
+{
+    friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const Student *stu);
+
+private:
+    string name;
+    int age;
+
+public:
+    Student(const string &name, int age)
+    {
+        this->name = name;
+        this->age = age;
+    }
+};
+
+ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const Student *stu)
+{
+    out << "name: " << stu->name << ", age: " << stu->age;
+    return out;
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    vector<Student *> v;
+    v.push_back(new Student("张三", 18));
+    v.push_back(new Student("李四", 19));
+    v.push_back(new Student("王五", 20));
+
+    v.pop_back(); // 删除最后一个元素
+
+    // 创建迭代器
+    vector<Student *>::iterator it = v.end();
+    while (it != v.begin())
+    {
+        it--;
+        cout << *it << endl; // 重载了<<运算符
+        delete *it;          // 释放空间
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/day8/stl_code/d4.cpp b/day8/stl_code/d4.cpp
index f83c391..14ecd9b 100644
--- a/day8/stl_code/d4.cpp
+++ b/day8/stl_code/d4.cpp
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ using namespace std;
 
 int main()
 {
+    // 注意: vector<vector<int> > vs; 防止编辑器自动格式化为 >>
     vector<vector<int> > vs; // 嵌套容器
     vector<int> v1, v2, v3;