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统计学
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抽样
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推断
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概率论
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计数
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</a>
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概率概念
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分布
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</span>
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</a>
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贝叶斯
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</span>
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</a>
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信息论
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</span>
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机器学习
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</span>
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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机器学习
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经典机器学习
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梯度机器学习
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</span>
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</a>
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深度学习
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</span>
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</a>
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强化学习
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</span>
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</a>
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分布式深度学习
|
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</span>
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|
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|
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|
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</a>
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计算语言学
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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计算语言学
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语言学基础
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</a>
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嵌入与序列模型
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</span>
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</a>
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Transformer 与语言模型
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</span>
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|
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</a>
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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高级文本生成
|
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|
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|
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|
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</span>
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|
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|
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|
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</a>
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计算机视觉
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计算机视觉
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图像基础
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</span>
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</a>
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目标检测与分割
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多模态学习
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多模态学习
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多模态表征
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</span>
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</a>
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统一多模态架构
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</span>
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自主系统
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感知
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视觉-语言-动作模型
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自动驾驶
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</a>
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太空与极端机器人
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</span>
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图神经网络
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图注意力网络
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3D 图网络
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|
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计算机与操作系统
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离散数学
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并发与并行
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数据结构与算法
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基础
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</span>
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|
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</a>
|
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数组与哈希
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</span>
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</a>
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链表、栈与队列
|
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|
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|
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|
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</span>
|
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|
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|
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|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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树
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|
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</span>
|
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|
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|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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图
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|
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</span>
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|
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</a>
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</li>
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|
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|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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排序与搜索
|
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|
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|
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|
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</span>
|
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|
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|
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|
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested">
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|
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生产级软件工程
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</span>
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生产级软件工程
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Linux 与命令行
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Linux 与命令行
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</span>
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|
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</a>
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<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="目录">
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Shell
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</span>
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Shell">
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<ul class="md-nav__list">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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基本导航
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文件操作
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|
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|
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<a href="#_3" class="md-nav__link">
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管道与重定向
|
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<a href="#_4" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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文本处理
|
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|
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|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#_5" class="md-nav__link">
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查找文件
|
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|
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|
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<a href="#_6" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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|
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文件系统层次结构
|
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|
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|
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</a>
|
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|
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|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#_7" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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|
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文件权限
|
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|
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|
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|
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<a href="#_8" class="md-nav__link">
|
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进程管理
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#_9" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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包管理器
|
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|
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|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#_10" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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|
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环境变量
|
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|
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|
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</a>
|
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|
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|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#ssh" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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|
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SSH（安全外壳协议）
|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#_11" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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机器学习必备命令速查表
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Git 与仓库管理
|
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|
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|
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|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../03.%20codebase%20design/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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|
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代码设计
|
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|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
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测试与质量保障
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部署与 DevOps
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Triton、TPU 与 Pallas
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|
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|
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|
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|
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Vulkan Compute 与跨平台 GPU
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</span>
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|
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AI 推理
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AI 推理
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量化
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</span>
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</a>
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高效架构
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服务与批处理
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</a>
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边缘推理
|
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</span>
|
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|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
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|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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扩缩与部署
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
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</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
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ML 系统设计
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大规模基础设施
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|
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|
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|
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|
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</a>
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ML 设计案例
|
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|
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|
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</span>
|
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|
||
|
||
|
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应用 AI
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AI 金融
|
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</span>
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|
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</a>
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蛋白质设计
|
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|
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|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../chapter%2019%3A%20applied%20AI/03.%20drug%20discovery/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
|
||
药物发现
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
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||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../chapter%2019%3A%20applied%20AI/04.%20agentic%20systems/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
|
||
智能体系统
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../chapter%2019%3A%20applied%20AI/05.%20healthcare/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
|
||
医疗健康
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
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||
|
||
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||
|
||
|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
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|
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|
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|
||
|
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle md-toggle--indeterminate" type="checkbox" id="__nav_21" >
|
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|
||
|
||
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_21" id="__nav_21_label" tabindex="0">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
|
||
前沿 AI
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
|
||
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_21_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_21">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
前沿 AI
|
||
|
||
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
|
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|
||
|
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|
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|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../chapter%2020%3A%20bleeding%20edge%20AI/01.%20quantum%20machine%20learning/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
|
||
量子机器学习
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../chapter%2020%3A%20bleeding%20edge%20AI/02.%20neuromorphic%20computing/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
|
||
神经形态计算
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../chapter%2020%3A%20bleeding%20edge%20AI/03.%20datacentres%20in%20space/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
|
||
太空数据中心
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../chapter%2020%3A%20bleeding%20edge%20AI/04.%20decentralised%20AI/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
|
||
去中心化 AI
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="../../chapter%2020%3A%20bleeding%20edge%20AI/05.%20brain%20machine%20interfaces/" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
|
||
脑机接口
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
|
||
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
|
||
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="目录">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
|
||
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
||
目录
|
||
</label>
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="#shell" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
Shell
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Shell">
|
||
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="#_1" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
基本导航
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="#_2" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
文件操作
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="#_3" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
管道与重定向
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="#_4" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
文本处理
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="#_5" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
查找文件
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="#_6" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
文件系统层次结构
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="#_7" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
文件权限
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="#_8" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
进程管理
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="#_9" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
包管理器
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="#_10" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
环境变量
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="#ssh" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
SSH（安全外壳协议）
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||
<a href="#_11" class="md-nav__link">
|
||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||
|
||
机器学习必备命令速查表
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="md-content" data-md-component="content">
|
||
|
||
<article class="md-content__inner md-typeset">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h1 id="linux">Linux 与命令行<a class="headerlink" href="#linux" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h1>
|
||
<p><em>命令行是机器学习工程的主要界面：训练任务、服务器管理、数据管道和集群管理都通过终端进行。本文涵盖 Shell、文件系统、权限、进程管理、包管理器、环境变量、SSH 以及每位机器学习工程师日常使用的基本命令。</em></p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>GUI 适合浏览网页，但在凌晨 2 点在远程 GPU 集群上运行训练任务时却很糟糕。<strong>命令行</strong>（或终端、Shell）是能够扩展的工具：它在任何机器上都能工作，可编写脚本，可组合，并且在你的笔记本电脑、云 VM 和 HPC 集群上完全相同。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>如果你是一名只使用 Jupyter notebook 和 VS Code 按钮的机器学习工程师，你正在浪费巨大的生产力。每个生产级机器学习系统都是通过命令行进行部署、监控和调试的。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="shell">Shell<a class="headerlink" href="#shell" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>Shell</strong> 是一个读取你的命令并执行它们的程序。它是你和操作系统之间的中介（第 13 章）。最常见的 Shell 是 <strong>bash</strong>（大多数 Linux 系统的默认 Shell）和 <strong>zsh</strong>（macOS 的默认 Shell）。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>命令的格式为：<code>command [options] [arguments]</code></p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a>ls<span class="w"> </span>-la<span class="w"> </span>/home/user<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 命令=ls, 选项=-la, 参数=/home/user</span>
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>选项修改行为（通常以 <code>-</code> 表示短选项，<code>--</code> 表示长选项）。<code>ls -l</code> 以长格式列出，<code>ls --all</code> 显示隐藏文件。许多选项可以组合：<code>ls -la</code> 表示将 <code>-l</code> 和 <code>-a</code> 一起使用。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="_1">基本导航<a class="headerlink" href="#_1" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="nb">pwd</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 打印当前工作目录（我在哪？）</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a>ls<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 列出当前目录中的文件</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a>ls<span class="w"> </span>-la<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 列出所有文件（包括隐藏文件）及详细信息</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4" href="#__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="nb">cd</span><span class="w"> </span>/path/to/dir<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 切换目录</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5" href="#__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="nb">cd</span><span class="w"> </span>..<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 返回上一级</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6" href="#__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="nb">cd</span><span class="w"> </span>~<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 返回用户主目录</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7" href="#__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="nb">cd</span><span class="w"> </span>-<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 返回上一个目录</span>
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="_2">文件操作<a class="headerlink" href="#_2" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a>cp<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">source</span><span class="w"> </span>dest<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 复制文件</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a>cp<span class="w"> </span>-r<span class="w"> </span>dir1<span class="w"> </span>dir2<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 递归复制目录</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a>mv<span class="w"> </span>old<span class="w"> </span>new<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 移动/重命名文件</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4" href="#__codelineno-2-4"></a>rm<span class="w"> </span>file<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 删除文件（没有回收站——永久删除）</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5" href="#__codelineno-2-5"></a>rm<span class="w"> </span>-rf<span class="w"> </span>dir<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 递归删除目录（危险——无确认）</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6" href="#__codelineno-2-6"></a>mkdir<span class="w"> </span>-p<span class="w"> </span>a/b/c<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 创建嵌套目录</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7" href="#__codelineno-2-7"></a>touch<span class="w"> </span>file.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 创建空文件（或更新时间戳）</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8" href="#__codelineno-2-8"></a>cat<span class="w"> </span>file.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 打印文件内容</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9" href="#__codelineno-2-9"></a>head<span class="w"> </span>-n<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">20</span><span class="w"> </span>file<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 显示前 20 行</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10" href="#__codelineno-2-10"></a>tail<span class="w"> </span>-f<span class="w"> </span>logfile<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 实时跟踪日志文件（监控训练时非常有用）</span>
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>陷阱</strong>：<code>rm -rf</code> 是计算中最危险的命令。没有撤销操作。按回车前请三次检查路径。切勿运行 <code>rm -rf /</code> 或 <code>rm -rf ~</code>。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="_3">管道与重定向<a class="headerlink" href="#_3" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>Shell 的杀手级特性是<strong>可组合性</strong>：将小命令连接起来完成复杂任务。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong>管道</strong>（<code>|</code>）：将一个命令的输出作为下一个命令的输入。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a>cat<span class="w"> </span>training.log<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>grep<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"loss"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>tail<span class="w"> </span>-5<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 最后5行包含"loss"的内容</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a>ps<span class="w"> </span>aux<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>grep<span class="w"> </span>python<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 查找正在运行的 Python 进程</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="nb">history</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>grep<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"docker"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 查找之前的 docker 命令</span>
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>重定向</strong>：将输出发送到文件而不是屏幕。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-4-1" name="__codelineno-4-1" href="#__codelineno-4-1"></a>python<span class="w"> </span>train.py<span class="w"> </span>><span class="w"> </span>output.log<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span>><span class="p">&</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># stdout 和 stderr 都输出到文件</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-4-2" name="__codelineno-4-2" href="#__codelineno-4-2"></a>python<span class="w"> </span>train.py<span class="w"> </span>>><span class="w"> </span>output.log<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 追加（不覆盖）</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-4-3" name="__codelineno-4-3" href="#__codelineno-4-3"></a><span class="nb">echo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"data"</span><span class="w"> </span>><span class="w"> </span>file.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 覆盖文件</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-4-4" name="__codelineno-4-4" href="#__codelineno-4-4"></a><span class="nb">echo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"more"</span><span class="w"> </span>>><span class="w"> </span>file.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 追加到文件</span>
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>2>&1</code> 将 stderr（文件描述符 2）重定向到 stdout（文件描述符 1）。没有它，错误消息仍会出现在屏幕上，只有正常输出会进入文件。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="_4">文本处理<a class="headerlink" href="#_4" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-5-1" name="__codelineno-5-1" href="#__codelineno-5-1"></a>grep<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"error"</span><span class="w"> </span>logfile.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 查找包含"error"的行</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2" href="#__codelineno-5-2"></a>grep<span class="w"> </span>-r<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"import torch"</span><span class="w"> </span>src/<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 递归搜索目录</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-5-3" name="__codelineno-5-3" href="#__codelineno-5-3"></a>grep<span class="w"> </span>-i<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"warning"</span><span class="w"> </span>log.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 不区分大小写搜索</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-5-4" name="__codelineno-5-4" href="#__codelineno-5-4"></a>grep<span class="w"> </span>-c<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"epoch"</span><span class="w"> </span>train.log<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 统计匹配行数</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-5-5" name="__codelineno-5-5" href="#__codelineno-5-5"></a>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-5-6" name="__codelineno-5-6" href="#__codelineno-5-6"></a>wc<span class="w"> </span>-l<span class="w"> </span>file.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 统计行数</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-5-7" name="__codelineno-5-7" href="#__codelineno-5-7"></a>wc<span class="w"> </span>-w<span class="w"> </span>file.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 统计单词数</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-5-8" name="__codelineno-5-8" href="#__codelineno-5-8"></a>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-5-9" name="__codelineno-5-9" href="#__codelineno-5-9"></a>sort<span class="w"> </span>data.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 按字母顺序排序</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-5-10" name="__codelineno-5-10" href="#__codelineno-5-10"></a>sort<span class="w"> </span>-n<span class="w"> </span>numbers.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 按数值排序</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-5-11" name="__codelineno-5-11" href="#__codelineno-5-11"></a>sort<span class="w"> </span>-u<span class="w"> </span>data.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 排序并去重</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-5-12" name="__codelineno-5-12" href="#__codelineno-5-12"></a>uniq<span class="w"> </span>-c<span class="w"> </span>sorted.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 统计连续重复项</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-5-13" name="__codelineno-5-13" href="#__codelineno-5-13"></a>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-5-14" name="__codelineno-5-14" href="#__codelineno-5-14"></a>cut<span class="w"> </span>-d<span class="s1">','</span><span class="w"> </span>-f2,3<span class="w"> </span>data.csv<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 提取 CSV 的第 2 和第 3 列</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-5-15" name="__codelineno-5-15" href="#__codelineno-5-15"></a>awk<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'{print $1, $3}'</span><span class="w"> </span>data.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 打印第 1 和第 3 个空白分隔字段</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-5-16" name="__codelineno-5-16" href="#__codelineno-5-16"></a>sed<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'s/old/new/g'</span><span class="w"> </span>file.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 将所有"old"替换为"new"</span>
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>这些命令可以优美地组合：</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="c1"># 查找日志文件中最常见的 10 种错误类型</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2" href="#__codelineno-6-2"></a>grep<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"ERROR"</span><span class="w"> </span>app.log<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>awk<span class="w"> </span>-F<span class="s1">': '</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'{print $2}'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>sort<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>uniq<span class="w"> </span>-c<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>sort<span class="w"> </span>-rn<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>head<span class="w"> </span>-10
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<h3 id="_5">查找文件<a class="headerlink" href="#_5" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1" href="#__codelineno-7-1"></a>find<span class="w"> </span>.<span class="w"> </span>-name<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"*.py"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 查找所有 Python 文件</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2" href="#__codelineno-7-2"></a>find<span class="w"> </span>.<span class="w"> </span>-name<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"*.pyc"</span><span class="w"> </span>-delete<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 查找并删除编译后的 Python 文件</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3" href="#__codelineno-7-3"></a>find<span class="w"> </span>/data<span class="w"> </span>-size<span class="w"> </span>+100M<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 查找大于 100MB 的文件</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4" href="#__codelineno-7-4"></a>find<span class="w"> </span>.<span class="w"> </span>-mtime<span class="w"> </span>-1<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 查找过去 24 小时内修改过的文件</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5" href="#__codelineno-7-5"></a>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6" href="#__codelineno-7-6"></a>which<span class="w"> </span>python<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># python 可执行文件在哪？</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7" href="#__codelineno-7-7"></a>locate<span class="w"> </span>filename<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 快速查找文件（使用预构建索引）</span>
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<h2 id="_6">文件系统层次结构<a class="headerlink" href="#_6" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Linux 将所有内容组织在以 <code>/</code> 为根的单棵树中：</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<table>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>目录</th>
|
||
<th>用途</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>/</code></td>
|
||
<td>整个文件系统的根</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>/home/user</code></td>
|
||
<td>你的个人文件、配置、项目</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>/etc</code></td>
|
||
<td>系统级配置文件</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>/usr</code></td>
|
||
<td>用户程序、库、文档</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>/usr/local</code></td>
|
||
<td>本地安装的软件（非包管理器安装）</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>/var</code></td>
|
||
<td>可变数据：日志（<code>/var/log</code>）、数据库、缓存</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>/tmp</code></td>
|
||
<td>临时文件（重启后清除）</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>/opt</code></td>
|
||
<td>可选的第三方软件</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>/proc</code></td>
|
||
<td>暴露内核和进程信息的虚拟文件系统</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><code>/dev</code></td>
|
||
<td>设备文件（磁盘、GPU 在这里显示）</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>对于机器学习：你的训练数据通常在 <code>/data</code> 或 <code>/home/user/data</code>，模型在 <code>/home/user/models</code>，CUDA 在 <code>/usr/local/cuda</code>。GPU 设备显示为 <code>/dev/nvidia0</code>、<code>/dev/nvidia1</code> 等。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="_7">文件权限<a class="headerlink" href="#_7" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>每个文件和目录有三种用户类别的三种权限类型：</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<table>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>权限</th>
|
||
<th>文件</th>
|
||
<th>目录</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><strong>r</strong>（读）</td>
|
||
<td>查看内容</td>
|
||
<td>列出内容</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><strong>w</strong>（写）</td>
|
||
<td>修改内容</td>
|
||
<td>在内部创建/删除文件</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td><strong>x</strong>（执行）</td>
|
||
<td>作为程序运行</td>
|
||
<td>进入（cd 进入）目录</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>三种用户类别：<strong>所有者</strong>（u）、<strong>组</strong>（g）、<strong>其他人</strong>（o）。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-8-1" name="__codelineno-8-1" href="#__codelineno-8-1"></a>ls<span class="w"> </span>-l<span class="w"> </span>script.py
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-8-2" name="__codelineno-8-2" href="#__codelineno-8-2"></a><span class="c1"># -rwxr-xr-- 1 henry ml_team 2048 Mar 28 script.py</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-8-3" name="__codelineno-8-3" href="#__codelineno-8-3"></a><span class="c1"># ^^^ 所有者权限：rwx（读、写、执行）</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-8-4" name="__codelineno-8-4" href="#__codelineno-8-4"></a><span class="c1"># ^^^ 组权限：r-x（读、执行，不可写）</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-8-5" name="__codelineno-8-5" href="#__codelineno-8-5"></a><span class="c1"># ^^^ 其他人权限：r--（只读）</span>
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-9-1" name="__codelineno-9-1" href="#__codelineno-9-1"></a>chmod<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">755</span><span class="w"> </span>script.py<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># owner=rwx, group=rx, others=rx</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-9-2" name="__codelineno-9-2" href="#__codelineno-9-2"></a>chmod<span class="w"> </span>+x<span class="w"> </span>script.py<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 为所有人添加执行权限</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-9-3" name="__codelineno-9-3" href="#__codelineno-9-3"></a>chmod<span class="w"> </span>u+w,g-w<span class="w"> </span>file.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 为所有者添加写权限，移除组的写权限</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-9-4" name="__codelineno-9-4" href="#__codelineno-9-4"></a>chown<span class="w"> </span>henry:ml_team<span class="w"> </span>file<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 更改所有者和组</span>
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>陷阱</strong>：顶部带有 <code>#!/usr/bin/env python3</code> 的 Python 脚本需要执行权限（<code>chmod +x</code>）才能以 <code>./script.py</code> 方式运行。没有它，你必须使用 <code>python3 script.py</code>。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="_8">进程管理<a class="headerlink" href="#_8" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>进程</strong>是一个正在运行的程序（第 13 章）。Shell 为你提供了管理它们的工具：</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-10-1" name="__codelineno-10-1" href="#__codelineno-10-1"></a>ps<span class="w"> </span>aux<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 列出所有正在运行的进程</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-10-2" name="__codelineno-10-2" href="#__codelineno-10-2"></a>ps<span class="w"> </span>aux<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>grep<span class="w"> </span>python<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 查找 Python 进程</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-10-3" name="__codelineno-10-3" href="#__codelineno-10-3"></a>top<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 实时进程监控（CPU、内存）</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-10-4" name="__codelineno-10-4" href="#__codelineno-10-4"></a>htop<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># top 的增强版（需单独安装）</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-10-5" name="__codelineno-10-5" href="#__codelineno-10-5"></a>nvidia-smi<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># GPU 使用情况（机器学习必备）</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-10-6" name="__codelineno-10-6" href="#__codelineno-10-6"></a>watch<span class="w"> </span>-n<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="w"> </span>nvidia-smi<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 每秒刷新 nvidia-smi</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-10-7" name="__codelineno-10-7" href="#__codelineno-10-7"></a>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-10-8" name="__codelineno-10-8" href="#__codelineno-10-8"></a><span class="nb">kill</span><span class="w"> </span>PID<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 优雅终止进程</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-10-9" name="__codelineno-10-9" href="#__codelineno-10-9"></a><span class="nb">kill</span><span class="w"> </span>-9<span class="w"> </span>PID<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 强制终止（优雅方式失败时使用）</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-10-10" name="__codelineno-10-10" href="#__codelineno-10-10"></a>killall<span class="w"> </span>python<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 终止所有 Python 进程</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-10-11" name="__codelineno-10-11" href="#__codelineno-10-11"></a>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-10-12" name="__codelineno-10-12" href="#__codelineno-10-12"></a><span class="c1"># 后台运行</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-10-13" name="__codelineno-10-13" href="#__codelineno-10-13"></a>python<span class="w"> </span>train.py<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">&</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 后台运行</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-10-14" name="__codelineno-10-14" href="#__codelineno-10-14"></a>nohup<span class="w"> </span>python<span class="w"> </span>train.py<span class="w"> </span>><span class="w"> </span>log.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">&</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 后台运行，退出登录后仍存活</span>
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong><code>nohup</code></strong> 对机器学习训练至关重要：没有它，关闭 SSH 连接会终止训练任务。<code>nohup</code> 将进程从终端分离出来。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong><code>screen</code></strong> 和 <strong><code>tmux</code></strong> 是终端复用器，可以创建持久会话。你可以在 tmux 会话中启动训练任务，断开 SSH 连接，稍后重新连接，会话（和训练）仍在运行。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-11-1" name="__codelineno-11-1" href="#__codelineno-11-1"></a>tmux<span class="w"> </span>new<span class="w"> </span>-s<span class="w"> </span>training<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 创建命名会话</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-11-2" name="__codelineno-11-2" href="#__codelineno-11-2"></a><span class="c1"># ... 开始训练 ...</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-11-3" name="__codelineno-11-3" href="#__codelineno-11-3"></a><span class="c1"># Ctrl+B, 然后 D # 从会话分离</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-11-4" name="__codelineno-11-4" href="#__codelineno-11-4"></a>tmux<span class="w"> </span>attach<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="w"> </span>training<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 稍后重新连接（即使 SSH 重新连接后也可用）</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-11-5" name="__codelineno-11-5" href="#__codelineno-11-5"></a>tmux<span class="w"> </span>ls<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 列出会话</span>
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<h2 id="_9">包管理器<a class="headerlink" href="#_9" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>系统包</strong>（操作系统级软件）：</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-12-1" name="__codelineno-12-1" href="#__codelineno-12-1"></a><span class="c1"># Debian/Ubuntu</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-12-2" name="__codelineno-12-2" href="#__codelineno-12-2"></a>sudo<span class="w"> </span>apt<span class="w"> </span>update<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 刷新包列表</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-12-3" name="__codelineno-12-3" href="#__codelineno-12-3"></a>sudo<span class="w"> </span>apt<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>htop<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 安装包</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-12-4" name="__codelineno-12-4" href="#__codelineno-12-4"></a>sudo<span class="w"> </span>apt<span class="w"> </span>upgrade<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 升级所有包</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-12-5" name="__codelineno-12-5" href="#__codelineno-12-5"></a>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-12-6" name="__codelineno-12-6" href="#__codelineno-12-6"></a><span class="c1"># macOS</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-12-7" name="__codelineno-12-7" href="#__codelineno-12-7"></a>brew<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>wget<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 通过 Homebrew 安装</span>
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Python 包</strong>：</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-13-1" name="__codelineno-13-1" href="#__codelineno-13-1"></a>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>torch<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 从 PyPI 安装</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-13-2" name="__codelineno-13-2" href="#__codelineno-13-2"></a>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>-e<span class="w"> </span>.<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 以可编辑模式安装当前项目</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-13-3" name="__codelineno-13-3" href="#__codelineno-13-3"></a>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>-r<span class="w"> </span>requirements.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 从 requirements 文件安装</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-13-4" name="__codelineno-13-4" href="#__codelineno-13-4"></a>pip<span class="w"> </span>freeze<span class="w"> </span>><span class="w"> </span>requirements.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 导出已安装的包</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-13-5" name="__codelineno-13-5" href="#__codelineno-13-5"></a>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-13-6" name="__codelineno-13-6" href="#__codelineno-13-6"></a><span class="c1"># Conda（用于复杂依赖，如 CUDA）</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-13-7" name="__codelineno-13-7" href="#__codelineno-13-7"></a>conda<span class="w"> </span>create<span class="w"> </span>-n<span class="w"> </span>myenv<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">python</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">3</span>.11
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-13-8" name="__codelineno-13-8" href="#__codelineno-13-8"></a>conda<span class="w"> </span>activate<span class="w"> </span>myenv
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-13-9" name="__codelineno-13-9" href="#__codelineno-13-9"></a>conda<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>pytorch<span class="w"> </span>torchvision<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">cudatoolkit</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">12</span>.1<span class="w"> </span>-c<span class="w"> </span>pytorch
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>陷阱</strong>：永远不要将 <code>pip install</code> 安装到系统 Python 中。始终使用虚拟环境（<code>python -m venv env</code>、<code>conda create</code> 或 <code>uv venv</code>）。系统 Python 被操作系统工具共享；破坏它可能导致系统崩溃。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="_10">环境变量<a class="headerlink" href="#_10" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>环境变量</strong>是所有程序都可以访问的键值对。它们在不改变代码的情况下配置行为。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-14-1" name="__codelineno-14-1" href="#__codelineno-14-1"></a><span class="nb">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">0</span>,1<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 仅使用 GPU 0 和 1</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-14-2" name="__codelineno-14-2" href="#__codelineno-14-2"></a><span class="nb">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">PYTHONPATH</span><span class="o">=</span>/home/user/src<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 添加到 Python 的导入路径</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-14-3" name="__codelineno-14-3" href="#__codelineno-14-3"></a><span class="nb">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">WANDB_API_KEY</span><span class="o">=</span>abc123<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># Weights & Biases 的 API 密钥</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-14-4" name="__codelineno-14-4" href="#__codelineno-14-4"></a>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-14-5" name="__codelineno-14-5" href="#__codelineno-14-5"></a><span class="nb">echo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$PATH</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 查看当前 PATH</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-14-6" name="__codelineno-14-6" href="#__codelineno-14-6"></a><span class="nb">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">PATH</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$PATH</span>:/usr/local/cuda/bin<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 将 CUDA 添加到 PATH</span>
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong><code>.bashrc</code></strong>（或 <code>.zshrc</code>）：每次打开 Shell 时运行的命令。把你的 <code>export</code> 语句放在这里，这样它们就会持久存在。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong><code>.env</code> 文件</strong>：由 <code>python-dotenv</code> 等工具加载的项目特定变量。将密钥（API 密钥、数据库密码）保存在 <code>.env</code> 中，并将 <code>.env</code> 添加到 <code>.gitignore</code>。切勿将密钥提交到 Git。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="ssh">SSH（安全外壳协议）<a class="headerlink" href="#ssh" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>SSH</strong> 通过加密通道将你连接到远程机器。这是你访问云 VM、GPU 服务器和 HPC 集群的方式。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-15-1" name="__codelineno-15-1" href="#__codelineno-15-1"></a>ssh<span class="w"> </span>user@hostname<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 连接到远程机器</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-15-2" name="__codelineno-15-2" href="#__codelineno-15-2"></a>ssh<span class="w"> </span>-i<span class="w"> </span>~/.ssh/key.pem<span class="w"> </span>user@ip<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 使用特定密钥连接</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-15-3" name="__codelineno-15-3" href="#__codelineno-15-3"></a>ssh<span class="w"> </span>-L<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">8888</span>:localhost:8888<span class="w"> </span>user@server<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 端口转发（远程 Jupyter）</span>
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>SSH 密钥</strong>（公钥/私钥对）替代密码：</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-16-1" name="__codelineno-16-1" href="#__codelineno-16-1"></a>ssh-keygen<span class="w"> </span>-t<span class="w"> </span>ed25519<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 生成密钥对</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-16-2" name="__codelineno-16-2" href="#__codelineno-16-2"></a>ssh-copy-id<span class="w"> </span>user@server<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 将公钥复制到服务器</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-16-3" name="__codelineno-16-3" href="#__codelineno-16-3"></a><span class="c1"># 现在无需输入密码即可 SSH</span>
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>SSH 配置</strong>（<code>~/.ssh/config</code>）保存连接详情：</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-17-1" name="__codelineno-17-1" href="#__codelineno-17-1"></a>Host gpu-server
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-17-2" name="__codelineno-17-2" href="#__codelineno-17-2"></a> HostName 10.0.1.42
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-17-3" name="__codelineno-17-3" href="#__codelineno-17-3"></a> User henry
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-17-4" name="__codelineno-17-4" href="#__codelineno-17-4"></a> IdentityFile ~/.ssh/gpu_key
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-17-5" name="__codelineno-17-5" href="#__codelineno-17-5"></a> LocalForward 8888 localhost:8888
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>现在输入 <code>ssh gpu-server</code> 即可自动使用所有这些设置进行连接。</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p><strong><code>scp</code></strong> 和 <strong><code>rsync</code></strong> 在机器之间传输文件：</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-18-1" name="__codelineno-18-1" href="#__codelineno-18-1"></a>scp<span class="w"> </span>model.pt<span class="w"> </span>user@server:/data/models/<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 将文件复制到远程</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-18-2" name="__codelineno-18-2" href="#__codelineno-18-2"></a>scp<span class="w"> </span>-r<span class="w"> </span>user@server:/data/results/<span class="w"> </span>./<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 从远程复制目录</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-18-3" name="__codelineno-18-3" href="#__codelineno-18-3"></a>rsync<span class="w"> </span>-avz<span class="w"> </span>--progress<span class="w"> </span>data/<span class="w"> </span>user@server:/data/<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 带进度同步（比 scp 更智能）</span>
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<h2 id="_11">机器学习必备命令速查表<a class="headerlink" href="#_11" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-19-1" name="__codelineno-19-1" href="#__codelineno-19-1"></a><span class="c1"># GPU 监控</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-2" name="__codelineno-19-2" href="#__codelineno-19-2"></a>nvidia-smi<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># GPU 使用快照</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-3" name="__codelineno-19-3" href="#__codelineno-19-3"></a>watch<span class="w"> </span>-n<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1</span><span class="w"> </span>nvidia-smi<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 实时监控</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-4" name="__codelineno-19-4" href="#__codelineno-19-4"></a>gpustat<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 更清晰的 GPU 概览（pip install gpustat）</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-5" name="__codelineno-19-5" href="#__codelineno-19-5"></a>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-6" name="__codelineno-19-6" href="#__codelineno-19-6"></a><span class="c1"># 训练管理</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-7" name="__codelineno-19-7" href="#__codelineno-19-7"></a>nohup<span class="w"> </span>python<span class="w"> </span>train.py<span class="w"> </span>><span class="w"> </span>train.log<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2</span>><span class="p">&</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">&</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 退出登录后仍存活的后台训练</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-8" name="__codelineno-19-8" href="#__codelineno-19-8"></a>tail<span class="w"> </span>-f<span class="w"> </span>train.log<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 监控训练输出</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-9" name="__codelineno-19-9" href="#__codelineno-19-9"></a><span class="nb">kill</span><span class="w"> </span>%1<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 终止最后一个后台任务</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-10" name="__codelineno-19-10" href="#__codelineno-19-10"></a>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-11" name="__codelineno-19-11" href="#__codelineno-19-11"></a><span class="c1"># 磁盘使用（数据集很大）</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-12" name="__codelineno-19-12" href="#__codelineno-19-12"></a>df<span class="w"> </span>-h<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 所有挂载点的磁盘空间</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-13" name="__codelineno-19-13" href="#__codelineno-19-13"></a>du<span class="w"> </span>-sh<span class="w"> </span>/data/*<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># /data 中每个项目的大小</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-14" name="__codelineno-19-14" href="#__codelineno-19-14"></a>du<span class="w"> </span>-sh<span class="w"> </span>--max-depth<span class="o">=</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="w"> </span>.<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 子目录的大小</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-15" name="__codelineno-19-15" href="#__codelineno-19-15"></a>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-16" name="__codelineno-19-16" href="#__codelineno-19-16"></a><span class="c1"># 内存</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-17" name="__codelineno-19-17" href="#__codelineno-19-17"></a>free<span class="w"> </span>-h<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># RAM 使用情况</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-18" name="__codelineno-19-18" href="#__codelineno-19-18"></a>cat<span class="w"> </span>/proc/meminfo<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 详细内存信息</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-19" name="__codelineno-19-19" href="#__codelineno-19-19"></a>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-20" name="__codelineno-19-20" href="#__codelineno-19-20"></a><span class="c1"># 网络</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-21" name="__codelineno-19-21" href="#__codelineno-19-21"></a>curl<span class="w"> </span>-O<span class="w"> </span>https://example.com/dataset.tar.gz<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 下载文件</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-22" name="__codelineno-19-22" href="#__codelineno-19-22"></a>wget<span class="w"> </span>https://example.com/model.bin<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 替代下载工具</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-23" name="__codelineno-19-23" href="#__codelineno-19-23"></a>curl<span class="w"> </span>-X<span class="w"> </span>POST<span class="w"> </span>http://localhost:8080/predict<span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-24" name="__codelineno-19-24" href="#__codelineno-19-24"></a><span class="w"> </span>-H<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"Content-Type: application/json"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="se">\</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-25" name="__codelineno-19-25" href="#__codelineno-19-25"></a><span class="w"> </span>-d<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'{"text": "hello"}'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 测试模型推理端点</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-26" name="__codelineno-19-26" href="#__codelineno-19-26"></a>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-27" name="__codelineno-19-27" href="#__codelineno-19-27"></a><span class="c1"># 归档</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-28" name="__codelineno-19-28" href="#__codelineno-19-28"></a>tar<span class="w"> </span>-czf<span class="w"> </span>archive.tar.gz<span class="w"> </span>directory/<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 压缩</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-29" name="__codelineno-19-29" href="#__codelineno-19-29"></a>tar<span class="w"> </span>-xzf<span class="w"> </span>archive.tar.gz<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 解压</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-30" name="__codelineno-19-30" href="#__codelineno-19-30"></a>zip<span class="w"> </span>-r<span class="w"> </span>archive.zip<span class="w"> </span>directory/<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># zip 压缩</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-31" name="__codelineno-19-31" href="#__codelineno-19-31"></a>unzip<span class="w"> </span>archive.zip<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># zip 解压</span>
|
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<a id="__codelineno-19-32" name="__codelineno-19-32" href="#__codelineno-19-32"></a>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-33" name="__codelineno-19-33" href="#__codelineno-19-33"></a><span class="c1"># 快速数据检查</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-34" name="__codelineno-19-34" href="#__codelineno-19-34"></a>head<span class="w"> </span>-5<span class="w"> </span>data.csv<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># CSV 的前 5 行</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-35" name="__codelineno-19-35" href="#__codelineno-19-35"></a>wc<span class="w"> </span>-l<span class="w"> </span>data.csv<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 统计行数</span>
|
||
<a id="__codelineno-19-36" name="__codelineno-19-36" href="#__codelineno-19-36"></a>cut<span class="w"> </span>-d<span class="s1">','</span><span class="w"> </span>-f1<span class="w"> </span>data.csv<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>sort<span class="w"> </span>-u<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>wc<span class="w"> </span>-l<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># 统计第 1 列的唯一值数量</span>
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
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